How has science developed in Portugal and Spain and how has it influenced
the construction of the Iberian nations? The two books reviewed here
analyse the subject.
Portugal is in an intermediate situation in relation to the leading
countries in environmental innovation, whereas Spain is among the leading
countries.
Who invents most: men or women? The proportion in Portugal is one out of
every four and in Spain, one out of every fiver. Do they exceed the
European average?
Who publishes most: men or women? The percentage of women who publish in
the STEM areas in Portugal and Spain is higher than the European average,
which reflects how the proportion of women researchers in the academic
sector exceeds, in turn, the European average.
Portugal and Spain are situated above the European average in percentage of
women researchers in all sectors considered, although the lowest
participation corresponds to the business sector and the highest, to the
governmental sector.
In Portugal and Spain, only 6% of PhD holders work in the business sector.
There is a broad margin for improvement in the relationship between science
and business.
People who work in research are a pillar of the system. Are the working
conditions of this sector favourable in Portugal and Spain or are they
forcing a brain drain?