Who publishes most: men or women? The percentage of women who publish in the STEM areas in Portugal and Spain is higher than the European average, which reflects how the proportion of women researchers in the academic sector exceeds, in turn, the European average.

Who invents most: men or women?  The proportion in Portugal is one out of every four and in Spain, one out of every fiver. Do they exceed the European average?

Portugal is in an intermediate situation in relation to the leading countries in environmental innovation, whereas Spain is among the leading countries.

The model of governmental support for business R&D differs between Portugal and Spain, with a predominance of indirect support in Portugal`s case and direct support in that of Spain

How has science developed in Portugal and Spain and how has it influenced the construction of the Iberian nations?  The two books reviewed here analyse the subject.

One of the great current challenges in research is process integrity and the reliability of results. What reforms are taking place in this area?